Understanding Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare but severe neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects motor neurons—specialized nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. As these motor neurons progressively deteriorate, individuals with ALS experience increasing muscle weakness, loss of mobility, and eventually difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing. The condition is often referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease, named after the famous baseball player who was diagnosed with it in the 1930s.
ALS typically begins with subtle symptoms, such as muscle twitching, cramps, or weakness in a limb. Over time, these symptoms spread to other parts of the body, leading to muscle atrophy and paralysis. Despite the severity of physical decline, cognitive abilities often remain intact, making the disease emotionally challenging for patients who are fully aware of their condition as it progresses.
The exact cause of ALS is still not fully understood. In most cases, the disease appears sporadically with no clear family history. However, a smaller percentage of cases are inherited and linked to specific genetic mutations. Researchers believe that a combination of genetic, environmental, and cellular factors contributes to motor neuron damage. These may include abnormal protein accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruptions in cellular energy production.
Diagnosis of ALS can be complex, as its early symptoms overlap with those of other neurological conditions. Physicians rely on a combination of clinical examinations, electromyography (EMG), imaging studies, and laboratory tests to rule out other disorders. Because there is no single test for ALS, diagnosis often requires careful monitoring over time.